Siberienne schreef:aaaargh enorm verhaal getyped ben ik het kwijt omdat ik niet ingelogd was..
Ik beperk mij even tot deze quote:
http://www.rivm.nl/Documenten_en_public ... epreventie
8.1 Immunisatie
Vaccinaties, al dan niet specifiek voor bevolkings-/beroepsgroepen met een verhoogd risico, worden of werden toegediend in China, Cuba, Japan, Vietnam, Spanje, Italië en Frankrijk.
Er is in Nederland geen vaccin voor mensen beschikbaar. Het lage aantal patiënten vormt geen aanleiding tot het laten registreren van een vaccin voor de Nederlandse markt.
[Zoönosen]
Voor honden bestaan verschillende vaccins tegen leptospirose, welke een jaar werkzaam zijn. Deze vaccins bieden alleen bescherming tegen specifieke serovars. De meeste vaccins beschermen alleen tegen klinische verschijnselen, infectie en leptospirurie kan toch plaatsvinden. Er is een tetravalent vaccin op de Nederlandse markt (Nobivac L4) dat de voor Europa belangrijkste serovars bevat en wel leptospirurie tegengaat (Klaasen, 2012). Runderen en varkens worden in Nederland niet gevaccineerd
Op de rest kom ik later terug want ik mag nu naar speurtraining
LizzY; voor welke medicatie wordt nu bij LInga gekozen? ik ben heel nieuwsgierig.
MIsschien over de Weil een apart topic openen??
Ja, ik zal dit over Weil afscheiden van het topic van Linga, goed idee!
Ik heb gehoord dat ze in vrijwel alle landen al lang en breed weer gestopt zijn met het vaccineren van mensen omdat het vaccin niet goed werkt en er veel bijwerkingen worden gezien. Ik vond dit ook zo gauw op pubmed (
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2231387/), :
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a serious infection disease caused by pathogenic strains of the Leptospira spirochetes, which affects not only humans but also animals. It has long been expected to find an effective vaccine to prevent leptospirosis through immunization of high risk humans or animals. Although some leptospirosis vaccines have been obtained, the vaccination is relatively unsuccessful in clinical application despite decades of research and millions of dollars spent. In this review, the recent advancements of recombinant outer membrane protein (OMP) vaccines, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) vaccines, inactivated vaccines, attenuated vaccines and DNA vaccines against leptospirosis are reviewed. A comparison of these vaccines may lead to development of new potential methods to combat leptospirosis and facilitate the leptospirosis vaccine research. Moreover, a vaccine ontology database was built for the scientists working on the leptospirosis vaccines as a starting tool.
en
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22048111
Abstract
Leptospirosis is an important neglected infectious disease that occurs in urban environments, as well as in rural regions worldwide. Rodents, the principal reservoir hosts of pathogenic Leptospira spp., and other infected animals shed the bacteria in their urine. During occupational or even recreational activities, humans that come into direct contact with infected animals or with a contaminated environment, particularly water, are at risk of infection. Prevention of urban leptospirosis is largely dependent on sanitation measures that are often difficult to implement, especially in developing countries. Vaccination with inactivated whole-cell preparations (bacterins) has limited efficacy due to the wide antigenic variation of the pathogen. Intensive efforts towards developing improved recombinant vaccines are ongoing. During the last decade, many reports on the evaluation of recombinant vaccines have been published. Partial success has been obtained with some surface-exposed protein antigens. The combination of protective antigens and new adjuvants or delivery systems may result in the much-needed effective vaccine.
En dit is ook wel interessant (van
http://www.searo.who.int/about/administ ... _Sheet.pdf)
How can the infection source be controlled (noot Lizzy; bij mensen dus)?
It is important to establish what animal species are the infection sources in a particular area. Control measures
can then be targeted to the local reservoir species of animals.
Such measures include:
• the reduction of certain animal reservoir populations, e.g. rats;
• the separation of animal reservoirs from human habitations by means of fences and screens;
• the immunization of dogs and livestock;
• the removal of rubbish and keeping areas around human habitations clean;
• encouraging people not to leave food around, especially in recreational areas where rats may be
present.
How can humans be protected?
Much depends on detailed knowledge of how, where and when humans may become infected in a particular
area. One possibility is to increase awareness of the disease among the population, risk groups and health
care providers, so that the disease can be recognized and treated as soon as possible. Doxycycline has been
reported to give some protection against infection and disease. In certain countries, vaccines for humans
are available, but it should be remembered that they may only provoke immune responses to the serovars
included in the vaccine.
How can humans be protected by immunization?
Immunization by means of vaccines seems to provide a certain degree of protection. Vaccines are, in principle,
suspensions of killed leptospires. Protection is largely serovar-specific. In areas where many serovars are causing
leptospirosis, a vaccine must consist of different serovars matching those circulating locally. In some countries,
where many serovars occur, vaccines consist of a mixture of a few of the most prevalent. Protective antibodies
are produced only against the serovars present in the particular vaccine used.
Commercial human vaccines have been produced in France and Cuba. However, these vaccines do
not induce long-term protection against infection and do not provide cross-protective immunity against
heterogenous leptospiral serovars.
En wat ik dus laatst las is dat Frankrijk gestopt is (helemaal) met vaccineren. Ik moet de bron daarvan zoeken, dat probeer ik vandaag te doen!